key aspects of the implications o. f. economies of scale, it is simple compared to the actual complexities of decision making in the industry.

The starting point, and where we must begin in order to truly maximise the benefits that P-DfMA and MMC make possible, is to rework our core processes (design, procure, construct, operate) around a central, driving principle: process-led design.In other words, we must begin with the manufacture and assembly process in mind.

Innovation doesn’t respect discipline or sector boundaries.It needs to sit across the entire operation.We are interested in increasing quality, productivity, timeliness and cost effectiveness.

So we have to ask certain key questions from the outset, like: what’s the least amount of material that could possibly be used to build an asset?What’s the smallest number of times that asset could be touched or processed by people?

How productive can those people be?.

Our goal with P-DfMA is lean construction.How do we use data in a way that supports not just better construction projects, but also better operational assets?

How do we drive that path to net-zero carbon emissions with greater impact on social value?These things are crucial to strategic policy, both in terms of the new assets that we build, and how we operate the existing ones.

As an industry, we have a moral obligation to do better.The current opportunity for transformation and progress in construction has arrived at a critical time..